![]() ![]() For example, imposition of a ceiling on the size of a diplomatic mission is normally followed by retaliatory action. Secondly, reciprocity is a constant and effective sanction for observance of nearly all the Convention's rules. First, the legal rules codified in the Convention had long been stable. The Convention is notable for ‘winning both formal support and a remarkably high degree of observance’. Even though the Convention contained elements of progressive development when it was adopted, it now has almost universal participation and represents settled law. The 1961 Convention is a cornerstone of the international legal order, codifying the rules for exchange of embassies among sovereign states which, Denza states, are the ‘oldest established and the most fundamental rules of international law’ (at 1). ![]() Perhaps of greatest general interest to the international lawyer is Denza's 12-page introduction. The index is comprehensive and, in practice, facilitates quick reference. However, there is abundant reference to other states’ practice and to sources in several languages.Īs well as a commentary on each article, the work includes annexes with the full text of the 1961 Vienna Convention and lists, as at the date of publication, the parties to the Convention (185 parties) and the two related optional protocols concerning the compulsory settlement of disputes (66 parties) and acquisition of nationality of the receiving state by members of the mission and their families (53 parties). As Denza freely admits, the practice is weighted in favour of the US and the UK, for which she worked as Legal Counsellor in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The commentary on each article or group of articles sets out the customary international law context, negotiating history to the extent that it remains relevant, difficulties or ambiguities in interpretation, and subsequent state practice. Since diplomacy and espionage are often (uncomfortable) bedfellows, some of the state practice reads like episodes from a spy novel. Drawing on her long and practical experience, Denza has thoroughly updated and revised the text the third edition consolidates the reputation of Diplomatic Law, Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, as the authoritative text in its field. Earlier editions of this text, first published in 1976 and then revised in 1998, quickly became the practitioner's standard reference. Eileen Denza's third edition of Diplomatic Law is, however, an exception. Please note that organisational structure and staff search are only available in German.Rarely is an international law reference text, let alone an article-by-article commentary on a convention, both authoritative and entertaining. In this area you will be introduced to the organisation of the Austrian Foreign Ministry. It was only in 1959 that a separate Ministry for Foreign Affairs was established. After the breakup of the monarchy foreign affairs were attended to by the Federal Chancellery. ![]() assigned the administration of foreign relations to a separate minister. ![]() The year 1720 is considered to be the origin of an independent Austrian diplomatic service, which was when Emperor Karl VI. In 1963 consular affairs too were regulated uniformly by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. At the Viennese Congress (1815) and by virtue of the Aachen Protocol (1818) a uniform classification of diplomats was established, which was confirmed by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961). But is was not until the 15th century that Italian city states created permanent representations as one of the essential fundaments of modern diplomacy. Diplomatic relations between states can be traced back to antiquity. ![]()
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